4, 5 The economic impact of brain injury is difficult to determine when considering compensation for work loss, quality of life, rehabilitation, and home services in addition to medical costs. Pediatric TBI, while largely understudied, is also an important concern, as it can reach an annual incidence of 100,000–200,000 with children between the ages of 0 and 4 years having the highest percentage of incidence and mortality. 2 In 2010, 2.5 million emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths were associated with TBI with data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3 suggesting that TBI was related to 30% of mortalities. Prior TBI population studies revealed that the prevalence of TBI in adults over 18 was 8.5%. 1 Such injuries may result in cell death, gliotic scar formation, and/or damage from reactive oxygen species and inflammation. Broadly speaking, TBI consists of structural injuries or physiologic changes in brain function secondary to external forces. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a challenging disease process, both to treat and investigate.